Cell Division in Tumor Cells

What Is Cancer?

Cancer also called malignancy is an abnormal growth of cells. There are more than 200 different types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer and lymphoma. Symptoms vary depending on the type. Cancer causes cells to divide uncontrollably. This can result in tumors, damage to the immune system and other impairment that can be fatal. Some cancers can spread to other parts of the body.

Cancer starts when cells change abnormally: cancer start

Cancer starts with changes in one cell or a small group of cells. Cells produce signals to control how much and how often the cells divide. If any of these signals are faulty or missing, cells may start to grow and multiply too much and form a lump called a tumour.

Cancer grows as cells multiply over and over: cancer growth

Benign tumours are made up of cells that are quite similar to normal cells. The cancer cells grow and divide to create more cells and will eventually form a tumour. A tumour may contain millions of cancer cells. All body tissues have a layer (a membrane) that keeps the cells of that tissue inside. This is the basement membrane. Cancer cells can break through this membrane. If this happens, the cancer is called invasive. As the tumour gets bigger, its centre gets further and further away from the blood vessels in the area where it is growing. So the centre of the tumour gets less and less oxygen and nutrients. Like healthy cells, cancer cells cannot live without oxygen and nutrients. So they send out signals, called angiogenic factors, that encourage new blood vessels to grow into the tumour. This is called angiogenesis. Without a blood supply, a tumour can't grow much bigger than a pin head.

Once a cancer can stimulate blood vessel growth, it can grow bigger and rapidly. It stimulates the growth of hundreds of new small blood vessels (capillaries) to bring in nutrients and oxygen. As the tumour grows and takes up more space, it begins to press on the normal body tissue nearby. The tumour growth will force itself through the normal tissue, as in the diagram below. it will squeeze and block small blood vessels in the area. Due to low blood and oxygen levels, some of the normal tissue will begin to die off. This makes it easier for the cancer to continue to push its way through.

Journal of Heart Failure and Cardiology Research

Linezolid Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Clinical Specimens in A Tertiary Care Cardiac Hospital, Pakistan

Arif Maqsood Ali*1, Gul e Raana Waseem2, Shazia Arif 3

Abstract

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the emergence of Linezolid resistance among Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus in patients of tertiary healthcare facility at Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology (RIC), Pakistan. 

Method: A retrospective study was carried out to find Linezolid Resistance Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (LZRC) from clinical specimens in microbiology department of Rawalpindi institute of cardiology from year January 2016 to October 2018. The clinical specimens included blood, wound swab, pus swab, bronchial secretions, urine, catheter tip, suction tip, central venous (CVP) tip, Temporary Pace Maker (TPM) tip and valvular vegetation. These specimens were collected from indoor & outdoor patients and cultured in microbiology laboratory. Culture media used to isolate Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) included Blood Agar and MacConkey Agar. The organisms were identified by standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by modified disc diffusion & Vitek 2 methods and confirmed on Microbroth Dilution (MBD) according to CLSI Guidelines. 

Results: A total of 104 specimens yielded CoNS. Four of them were LZRC (3.84%) isolated in blood, pus, bronchial secretions and urine specimens. Three were isolated in specimens from male patients and one sample from a female patient. Out of these four positive LZRC isolates two were Staphylococcus haemolyticus. 

Conclusions: The findings of LZRC isolated at RIC is comparatively higher than other studies worldwide. Judicious use of this antibiotic along with infection control measures is crucial to control antibiotic resistance so that the availability of linezolid in life threatening infections is not compromised. 

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World journal of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Stroke

Diabetes increases risk for dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

Hiroshi BANDO*

Abstract:

Summary There have been large lifestyle and demographic changes across the world, and the diabetes and dementia become large challenges to healthcare system in each countries and districts. People with dementia seem to exist about 50 million, in which common types are Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Vascular Dementia (VasD) [1]. The number of people with dementia is expected to increase to 66 million by 2030, and 131 million by 2050 driven by rising numbers of older adults [2].

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